Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Address correspondence to:, B. Purpose: Prostate cancer in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men GBM is an emerging medical and public health concern. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on prostate cancer in GBM, including its epidemiology, clinical studies, and anecdotal reports.
Methods: In , we undertook a structured literature review of all studies from to Results: Despite prostate cancer being the most common cancer in GBM, the main finding of this review is that prostate cancer in GBM is very under-researched. With only 30 published articles in English a rate of 1. There is some evidence of a link between human immunodeficiency virus HIV -positive status and prostate cancer, with early studies showing HIV infection as a risk factor and more recent studies as it being protective.
Antiretroviral treatment appears protective. Globally, only four quantitative studies have been published. Based on this admittedly limited literature, GBM appear to be screened for prostate cancer less than other men and are diagnosed with prostate cancer at about the same rate, but have poorer sexual function and quality-of-life outcomes. Conclusion: Methodological challenges to advancing research include challenges in subject identification, recruitment, heterocentric definitions of dysfunction based on vaginal intercourse and penetrative sex, and inappropriate measures.
Six future directions, to advance the study of the effects of prostate cancer in GBM and to improve treatment, are detailed.
On execution of the sexuality search terms, we had 30 articles. We excluded studies whose primary focus was on heterosexual men that provided either no or limited assessment of homosexual men and studies that equitably included other comorbidities in their analyses including other malignancies. We also excluded studies whose primary focus involved prostate cancer in men who have sex with men MSM and human immunodeficiency virus HIV infections, mainly because of the conflicting data on the association between prostate cancer and HIV infection see Results section.
