To browse Academia. He had previously built up a formidable reputation for early monographs on French rural life and for a wide range of studies on topics as varied as the decline of ancient slavery and the miracle of kingly powers of the Capetian kings THE most characteristic feature of the civilization of feudal Europe was the network of ties of dependence, extending from top to bottom of the social scale.
How such a distinctive structure arose and developed, what were the events and the mental climate that influenced its growth, what it owed to borrowings from a remoter past, we have endeavoured to show in Book I. Men were also divided into groups, ranged one above the other, according to occupation, degree of power or prestige. Moreover, above the confused mass of petty chiefdoms of every kind, there always existed authorities of more far-reaching influence and of a different character.
From the second feudal age onwards, not only were the orders of society more and more strictly differentiated; there was also an increasing concentration of forces round a few great authorities and a few great causes.
We must now direct our attention to the study of this second aspect of social organization; then we shall at last be in a position to attempt to answer the question which it has been the main purpose of our inquiry to elucidate, namely: by what fundamental characteristics, whether or not peculiar to one phase of Western evolution, have these few centuries deserved the name which thus sets them apart from the rest of European history?
What portion of their heritage has been transmitted to later times? Twenty years ago Georges Duby made a major contribution to medieval social history by documenting the transformation of Carolingian to "feudal" society in southern Burgundy.! Among his conclusions was that knights emerged in the late tenth century and developed into a distinct social group in the eleventh century, concomitant with a general restructuring of society.
